Garage
Shop
Loading...
Filters
filter-icon Filters & Sort

Hertz X 165 with Sound Damping

440W Peak (110W RMS) 6.5” Uno Series 2-way Coaxial Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

X165_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

440W Peak (110W RMS) 6.5” Uno Series 2-way Coaxial Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 220 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Neodymium Dome Tweeters
• Water Resistance Paper Cone cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93.5 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
48
List price $113.74
-16% $94.98

In stock

• 220 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Neodymium Dome Tweeters
• Water Resistance Paper Cone cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93.5 dB

DS18 G5.25Xi with Sound Damping

270W Peak (90W RMS) 5.25" GEN-X Series 2-way 4-ohm Coaxial Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

G525XI_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

270W Peak (90W RMS) 5.25" GEN-X Series 2-way 4-ohm Coaxial Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 135 watts Peak Each, 45 watts RMS Each
• 1" Mylar Balanced Dome tweeters with neodynium magnets
• Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 84 dB

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $69.69
-12% $61.44

In stock

• 135 watts Peak Each, 45 watts RMS Each
• 1" Mylar Balanced Dome tweeters with neodynium magnets
• Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 84 dB

DS18 PRO-X6BM (Sold Individually) with Sound Damping

500W Peak (250W RMS) 6.5” PRO-X Series 8-ohm Mid-range Loudspeaker + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

PROX6BM_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

500W Peak (250W RMS) 6.5” PRO-X Series 8-ohm Mid-range Loudspeaker + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 500 watts Peak Each, 250 watts RMS Each
• Red Aluminum Bullet tweeters
• Non-Pressed Paper cone material
• Impedance: 8 ohm
• Sensitivity: 94 dB

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
48
List price $71.69
-12% $63.44

In stock

• 500 watts Peak Each, 250 watts RMS Each
• Red Aluminum Bullet tweeters
• Non-Pressed Paper cone material
• Impedance: 8 ohm
• Sensitivity: 94 dB

DS18 PRO-CF6.4SL (Sold Individually) with Sound Damping

500W Peak (250W RMS) 6.5” PRO Series Water-Resistant Motorcycle and Motorsports Mid-Bass Loudspeaker + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

PROCF64SL_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

500W Peak (250W RMS) 6.5” PRO Series Water-Resistant Motorcycle and Motorsports Mid-Bass Loudspeaker + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• Peak Each, RMS Each
• Water Resistant Carbon Fiber material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 95 dB
Priced Per Each Speaker

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
48
List price $102.69
-8% $94.44

In stock

• Peak Each, RMS Each
• Water Resistant Carbon Fiber material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 95 dB
Priced Per Each Speaker

MTX TERMINATOR5 with Sound Damping

140W Peak (70W RMS) 5.25" Terminator Series 2-way 4-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

TERMINATOR5_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

140W Peak (70W RMS) 5.25" Terminator Series 2-way 4-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 70 watts Peak Each, 35 watts RMS Each
• Silk Dome tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 85.3 dB

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $88.69
-16% $74.94

In stock

• 70 watts Peak Each, 35 watts RMS Each
• Silk Dome tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 85.3 dB

MTX TERMINATOR68 with Sound Damping

220W Peak (110W RMS) 5x7” / 6x8” Terminator Series 2-way 4-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

TERMINATOR68_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

220W Peak (110W RMS) 5x7” / 6x8” Terminator Series 2-way 4-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 110 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 1" Mylar Dome tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87.9 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
48
List price $108.69
-13% $94.94

In stock

• 110 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 1" Mylar Dome tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87.9 dB

NVX VSP525 with Sound Damping

480W Peak (160W RMS) 5.25" V-Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with 25mm Silk Dome Tweeters + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

VSP525_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

480W Peak (160W RMS) 5.25" V-Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with 25mm Silk Dome Tweeters + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 240 watts Peak Each, 80 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.16"

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
70
List price $114.73
-21% $90.48

In stock

• 240 watts Peak Each, 80 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.16"

JBL Arena X 36Be (JBLSPKAXAM) with Sound Damping

400W Max (200W RMS) 6.5" Arena X Series 3-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

ARENAX36BE_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

400W Max (200W RMS) 6.5" Arena X Series 3-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 200 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 1" Beryllium Edge Driven Dome tweeters
• Carbon Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 90 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $5518.69
-9% $5,014.94

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 200 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 1" Beryllium Edge Driven Dome tweeters
• Carbon Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 90 dB

Diamond Audio DES652 with Sound Damping

240W Peak (120W RMS) 6.5" Elite Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

DES652_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

240W Peak (120W RMS) 6.5" Elite Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 120 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Aluminum Dome Tweeters
• Composite foam core carbon fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
$244.98

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 120 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Aluminum Dome Tweeters
• Composite foam core carbon fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

MB Quart QSE-216 with Sound Damping

720W Peak (340W RMS) 6.5" Q Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

QSE216_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

720W Peak (340W RMS) 6.5" Q Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 360 watts Peak Each, 170 watts RMS Each
• 1" Titanium Dome tweeters
• Mica Injected Polypropylene - MIPP cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 85.5 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $1218.73
-17% $1,014.98

In stock.

• 360 watts Peak Each, 170 watts RMS Each
• 1" Titanium Dome tweeters
• Mica Injected Polypropylene - MIPP cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 85.5 dB

JBL GX628 (GX628AM) with Sound Damping

360W Peak (120W RMS) 6.5" GX Series 2-way 2.3-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

GX628AM_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

360W Peak (120W RMS) 6.5" GX Series 2-way 2.3-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 180 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Edge-driven Soft Dome tweeters with Harman-proprietary deflector
• Polypropylene cone material with Plus One woofer cone architecture
• Impedance: 2.3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
48
List price $98.73
-14% $84.98

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 180 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Edge-driven Soft Dome tweeters with Harman-proprietary deflector
• Polypropylene cone material with Plus One woofer cone architecture
• Impedance: 2.3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

Hertz MPK165P.3 with Sound Damping

230W Peak (115W RMS) 6.5" Mille PRO Series 2-Way 3 Ohm Component speaker system + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

MPK165P3_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

230W Peak (115W RMS) 6.5" Mille PRO Series 2-Way 3 Ohm Component speaker system + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 115 Watts Max Each, 55 Watts RMS Each
• Pressed-pulp cone with cotton fibers cone material
• Tetolon Tweeter Dome
• 3 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $783.74
-15% $664.98

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 115 Watts Max Each, 55 Watts RMS Each
• Pressed-pulp cone with cotton fibers cone material
• Tetolon Tweeter Dome
• 3 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Infinity Reference REF-8632CFX with Sound Damping

360W Max (120W RMS) 6x8" Reference Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

REF8632CFXAM_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

360W Max (120W RMS) 6x8" Reference Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 180 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Textile Edge-driven Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
52
List price $178.69
-47% $94.94

In stock.

• 180 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Textile Edge-driven Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Diamond Audio H65SH with Sound Damping

300W Peak (150W RMS) 6.5" HEX 2-Way Shallow Component Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

H65SH_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

300W Peak (150W RMS) 6.5" HEX 2-Way Shallow Component Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 150 watts Max Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• 2" Neodymium tweeters available in silk or aluminum
• Hard anodized black aluminum cone
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB
• Mounting Depth: 1.3"

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
$764.98

In stock.

• 150 watts Max Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• 2" Neodymium tweeters available in silk or aluminum
• Hard anodized black aluminum cone
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB
• Mounting Depth: 1.3"

Diamond Audio HXPRO653DI with Sound Damping

360W Peak (180W RMS) 6.5" HEX PRO Diamante Italia Series 3-Way Component Speaker System + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

HXPRO653DI_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

360W Peak (180W RMS) 6.5" HEX PRO Diamante Italia Series 3-Way Component Speaker System + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 180 watts Peak Each, 90 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Composite Bronze Fiberglass cone material
• Impedance: 3.3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
$3,314.98

In stock.

• 180 watts Peak Each, 90 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Composite Bronze Fiberglass cone material
• Impedance: 3.3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB

Rockford Fosgate T4652-S (T-4652-S) with Sound Damping

600W Peak (300W RMS) 6.5" Power Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

T4652S_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

600W Peak (300W RMS) 6.5" Power Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 300 watts Peak Each, 150 watts RMS Each
• 1" Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Dome tweeters
• Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $1418.73
$1,414.98

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 300 watts Peak Each, 150 watts RMS Each
• 1" Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Dome tweeters
• Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB

Hertz CX 570 with Sound Damping

420W Peak (140W RMS) 5x7" Cento Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

CX570_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

420W Peak (140W RMS) 5x7" Cento Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 210 watts Peak Each, 70 watts RMS Each
• 15/16 Tetolon Dome Tweeters
• Semi-pressed paper + Mica cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93.5 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $278.74
-5% $264.98

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 210 watts Peak Each, 70 watts RMS Each
• 15/16 Tetolon Dome Tweeters
• Semi-pressed paper + Mica cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93.5 dB

Lowest price in 30 days

Infinity Kappa 63XF with Sound Damping

510W Peak (170W RMS) 6.5" Kappa Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with Silk Dome Tweeters + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

KAPPA63XF_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

510W Peak (170W RMS) 6.5" Kappa Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with Silk Dome Tweeters + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 255 watts Peak Each, 85 watts RMS Each
• Silk Dome Tweeters
• Glass Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
57
List price $318.69
-33% $214.94

In stock.

• 255 watts Peak Each, 85 watts RMS Each
• Silk Dome Tweeters
• Glass Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

MB Quart RS1-213 with Sound Damping

220W Peak (110W RMS) 5.25” Reference Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

RS1213_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

220W Peak (110W RMS) 5.25” Reference Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 110 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Titanium Dome tweeters
• Bamboo Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 86 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
47
List price $168.69
-14% $144.94

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 110 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Titanium Dome tweeters
• Bamboo Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 86 dB

Infinity REF607CF with Sound Damping

540W Peak (180W RMS) 6.5" Reference Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

REF607CF_SDSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

540W Peak (180W RMS) 6.5" Reference Series 2-way 4-ohm Component Speaker System + NVX SDSK2 Sound Damping

• 270 watts Peak Each, 90 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Textile Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
additional information required
Fits select locations in your E Series.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
50
List price $268.69
-13% $234.94

In stock.

• 270 watts Peak Each, 90 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Textile Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Items per page: 20 40 60

    Clear all
    why-shoping-with-sonic

    We love people and we're ready to help you! See what separates us from our competition.

    Take advantage of our VIP rewards like 10% back on your purchases, free 2-day shipping, extended warranties, and free returns! Gain access to all of these rewards without any membership fees.
    Get great discounted (and possibly FREE) installation accessories with most car stereo purchases. This includes dash kits, wiring harnesses and antenna adapters that you will need to properly install your new car stereo.
    We are an Authorized Dealer for all the brands we sell, including the most premium brands in car and marine audio such as Hertz, JL Audio, NVX, Rockford Fosgate, Kicker, Alpine, Kenwood and many more.
    Shop Deals and get up to 30% off premium brands! Shop Now! We are always looking out for the best products and deals to offer our customers. Don’t pay too much by shopping elsewhere!
    We have information on brands, gear, and more for you to explore! Check out our YouTube Channel for helpful how-to videos, product reviews, and Q&As. For a more detailed look, also visit our Learning Center!
    Our trained experts are here to assist you! They are just a phone call or click away to help you get the right gear for you and your vehicle!
    Why Shop With Us?
    FAQ for Speakers in 2005 E Series

    Q: Can I upgrade or change the Speakers in 2005 Ford E Series?

    A: Yes this page includes all the best Speakers that work in your E Series.

    Save up to 10 different vehicles in your garage
    Vehicle
    Store
    Delete

    1997 Saturn SW1

    2018 Lincoln Continental

    2005 Ford E Series

    2014 MINI Clubman

    1983 Mercury Lynx

    1986 Acura Integra

    2024 MINI Countryman

    2017 Honda Civic

    2015 Kia Soul

    1986 Chevrolet Spectrum

    Vehicle
    Store
    Delete

    2006 Polaris Predator 90

    Add vehicle Clear all vehicles
    Where to find vehicle info
    Are you sure you want to clear your garage?
    This action cannot be undone. Confirm
    This category was not designed for products.
    If you continue, you will be redirected to a category customized for your vehicle. Continue
    Loading...
    Identify your vehicle and submodel details
    • Owner's manual
    • Vehicle's insurance card
    • Vehicle registration
    • Vehicle produced after 2005: Inside driver's side door
    • Vehicle produced before 2005: Rear passenger doorjamb, glove box, center console, or engine compartment
    Car Info Side Door Icon
    Vehicle Registration Icon
    Vehicle Insurance Icon

    Modern vehicles often require specific brackets, wiring harnesses, and mounting solutions. A fit guide ensures:

    • You see only parts engineered for your exact vehicle
    • You avoid incompatible radios, speakers, or wiring
    • Installation is smoother, faster, and frustration-free
    • You get the correct accessories the first time

    Whether you're replacing a factory stereo or upgrading your entire audio system, the Fit Finder eliminates uncertainty.