Garage
Shop

Speakers with Sound Deadening for your 2008 Fusion close

Loading...
Filters

Your Vehicle


Checkmark Icon
Fits select locations in your 2008 Fusion
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location or Update vehicle.

Update vehicle | Remove vehicle | Vehicle store

Shop the Category

filter-icon Filters & Sort

MB QUART PK1-168 with Installation Accessories

110W RMS 5"x7"/6"x8" Premium Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

PK1-168, XBAF68, SDSK2, SDRLR1, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

110W RMS 5"x7"/6"x8" Premium Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• 110 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 1" Magnesium Dome Tweeters
• Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88.5 dB

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Save up to $10 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
152
List price $272.70
-36% $173.52 /pair

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 110 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 1" Magnesium Dome Tweeters
• Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88.5 dB

Earthquake T693X with Installation Accessories

300W RMS 6"x9" 3-Way Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

T693X, XBAF69, SDSK2, SDRLR1, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

300W RMS 6"x9" 3-Way Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• 300 watts Peak Each, RMS Each
• 1-3/16" Mylar Dome Tweeters
• Low Mass Poly Injection cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 91 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
190
List price $241.71
-27% $175.67 /pair

In stock.

• 300 watts Peak Each, RMS Each
• 1-3/16" Mylar Dome Tweeters
• Low Mass Poly Injection cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 91 dB

Infinity Primus PR6510CS with Speaker Installation Kit

Includes: (2) 6" x 8" 2-Way speaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

REF8632CFXAM, XBAF68, SDRLR1, SDSK2, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Includes: (2) 6" x 8" 2-Way speaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

• 180 Watts Max Each, 60 Watts RMS Each
• 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit
• 1.38 Square Feet of Sound Damping
• Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit
• Rubber Roller

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Save up to $9 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
157
List price $242.66
-49% $123.55

In stock.

• 180 Watts Max Each, 60 Watts RMS Each
• 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit
• 1.38 Square Feet of Sound Damping
• Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit
• Rubber Roller

(2) DS18 PRO-EXL108MB with Speaker Installation Kit

Includes: (2) 6x9” Full-Range Loudspeaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

PRO-FR69NEO, FRING69, SDRLR1, SDSK2, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Includes: (2) 6x9” Full-Range Loudspeaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

• 250W RMS 6x9” PRO-FR Series Full-Range Loudspeaker
• 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit
• 1.38 Square Feet of Sound Damping
• Sound Dampening Rubber Roller
• Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
153
List price $504.61
-7% $471.30

In stock.

• 250W RMS 6x9” PRO-FR Series Full-Range Loudspeaker
• 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit
• 1.38 Square Feet of Sound Damping
• Sound Dampening Rubber Roller
• Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit

Diamond Audio HXM69F2 with Speaker Installation Kit

300W MAX (150W RMS) 6"x9" Flush Mount 2-way 2-Ohm Speakers + 6x9" Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller and Panel Removal Kit

HXM69F2, XBAF65, SDSK2, SDRLR1, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

300W MAX (150W RMS) 6"x9" Flush Mount 2-way 2-Ohm Speakers + 6x9" Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller and Panel Removal Kit

• 150 watts Peak Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• 1" Titanium Dome Tweeters
• Injection Molded Polypropylene - IMPP cone material
• Impedance: 2 ohm
• Mounting Depth: 3.15"

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
187
List price $642.70
-7% $595.67 /pair

In stock.

• 150 watts Peak Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• 1" Titanium Dome Tweeters
• Injection Molded Polypropylene - IMPP cone material
• Impedance: 2 ohm
• Mounting Depth: 3.15"

Diamond Audio HXPRO653DI with Speaker Installation Kit

340W Peak (170W RMS) 6-3/4" HEX Series 2-Way Component Speakers + Sound Dampening, Roller and Panel Removal Kit

H600S, SDSK2, SDRLR1, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

340W Peak (170W RMS) 6-3/4" HEX Series 2-Way Component Speakers + Sound Dampening, Roller and Panel Removal Kit

• 170 watts Peak Each, 85 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Kevlar composite hexagonal honeycomb cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Save up to $29 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
140
$778.13 /set

In stock.

• 170 watts Peak Each, 85 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Kevlar composite hexagonal honeycomb cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

Diamond Audio DE65C with Speaker Installation Kit

340W Peak (170W RMS) 6" HEX Series 2-Way Component Speaker System + Sound Dampening, Roller and Panel Removal Kit

H600A, SDSK2, SDRLR1, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

340W Peak (170W RMS) 6" HEX Series 2-Way Component Speaker System + Sound Dampening, Roller and Panel Removal Kit

• 170 watts Peak Each, 85 watts RMS Each
• 1" Neodymium Dome Tweeters
• Anodized Aluminum cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Save up to $29 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
140
$778.13 /set

In stock.

• 170 watts Peak Each, 85 watts RMS Each
• 1" Neodymium Dome Tweeters
• Anodized Aluminum cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

Infinity Kappa 683XF with Speaker Installation Kit

Includes: (2) 6" x 8" 2-Way speaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Includes: (2) 6" x 8" 2-Way speaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" High-resolution Silk Dome Tweeters
• Glass Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
install icon

Save up to $10 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
155
List price $412.66
-35% $267.55 /pair

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" High-resolution Silk Dome Tweeters
• Glass Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Infinity Primus PR693C with Installation Accessories

160W RMS 6x9” 2-Way Component Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

160W RMS 6x9” 2-Way Component Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• 240 watts Peak Each, 80 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
161
List price $293.66
-26% $216.86 /set

• 240 watts Peak Each, 80 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

NVX XSP69KIT with Installation Accessories

600W Peak (200W RMS) 6" x 9" X-Series 2-Way Component Speaker System with Carbon Fiber Cones and 25mm Silk Dome Tweeters

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

600W Peak (200W RMS) 6" x 9" X-Series 2-Way Component Speaker System with Carbon Fiber Cones and 25mm Silk Dome Tweeters

• 300 watts Peak Each, 150 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Carbon Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 96 dB

install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
299
List price $295.70
-27% $214.97 /set

• 300 watts Peak Each, 150 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Carbon Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 96 dB

JBL Stage 3 9637 with Speaker Installation Accessories

420W Peak (140W RMS) 6" x 9" Stage3 Series 3-Way 3-Ohm Coaxial Car Speakers

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

420W Peak (140W RMS) 6" x 9" Stage3 Series 3-Way 3-Ohm Coaxial Car Speakers

• 210 watts Max Each, 70 watts RMS Each
• Dome Tweeters
• Plus One™ polypropylene woofer cones
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB @ 2.83V
• Mounting Depth: 3.06"

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
159
List price $233.66
-29% $166.86 /pair

• 210 watts Max Each, 70 watts RMS Each
• Dome Tweeters
• Plus One™ polypropylene woofer cones
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB @ 2.83V
• Mounting Depth: 3.06"

Polk Audio DB692 with Installation Accessories

300W RMS 6"x9" 3-way Car & Marine Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

300W RMS 6"x9" 3-way Car & Marine Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• 450 watts Peak Each, 150 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
202
List price $242.70
-24% $184.68 /pair

• 450 watts Peak Each, 150 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Polk Audio DB692 6x9" Speakers + Free Sound Dampening Kit

900W Peak (300W RMS) 6x9" 2-way Marine Coaxial Speakers + Sound Dampening

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

900W Peak (300W RMS) 6x9" 2-way Marine Coaxial Speakers + Sound Dampening

• 450 Watts Max Each, 150 Watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Tweeter
• Waterproof and UV tolerant cone
• 4 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 93 dB
• Mounting Depth: 3.25"

install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
63
List price $168.73
-18% $139.00 /pair

• 450 Watts Max Each, 150 Watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Tweeter
• Waterproof and UV tolerant cone
• 4 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 93 dB
• Mounting Depth: 3.25"

Polk Audio 6" x 9" Coaxial Speakers + Free NVX Sound Dampening Kit (DB692)

DB+ 692 6" x 9" 2-Way Marine Grade Coaxial Speakers (Pair) + SDSK2 Speaker Sound Dampening Kit - Two 10" x 10" Pieces

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

DB+ 692 6" x 9" 2-Way Marine Grade Coaxial Speakers (Pair) + SDSK2 Speaker Sound Dampening Kit - Two 10" x 10" Pieces

• 450 Watts Max Each, 150 Watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Tweeter
• Waterproof and UV tolerant cone
• 4 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 93 dB
• Mounting Depth: 3.25"

install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
63
List price $168.73
-18% $139.00 /pair

• 450 Watts Max Each, 150 Watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Tweeter
• Waterproof and UV tolerant cone
• 4 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 93 dB
• Mounting Depth: 3.25"

MB QUART RS1-269 with Speaker Installation Kit

240W Peak (120W RMS) 6"x9" Reference Series 2-Way Component Speaker System

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

240W Peak (120W RMS) 6"x9" Reference Series 2-Way Component Speaker System

• 120 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Titanium Dome Tweeters
• Bamboo Fiber Cone cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88 dB

install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
188
List price $312.70
-53% $145.67 /set

• 120 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Titanium Dome Tweeters
• Bamboo Fiber Cone cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88 dB

Pioneer TS-A6991F with Sound Damping

1400W Peak (280W RMS) 6x9" A-Series 5-way 4-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers with Dual Super Tweeters + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

TSA6991F_SDBSK2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

1400W Peak (280W RMS) 6x9" A-Series 5-way 4-ohm Coaxial Car Speakers with Dual Super Tweeters + NVX SDBSK2 Premium Sound Damping

• 700 watts Peak Each, 120 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Polyetherimide Hard Dome tweeters
• 7/16" and 3/8" PET dome super tweeters
• 2-1/4" Polyetherimide (PEI) film cone midrange
• Carbon and Mica Reinforced Injection Molded Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Free or discounted install kits when available.

Fits select models only.
Add details to confirm fitment.
58
List price $168.74
-14% $144.98 /pair

In stock

Only 2 Left!

• 700 watts Peak Each, 120 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Polyetherimide Hard Dome tweeters
• 7/16" and 3/8" PET dome super tweeters
• 2-1/4" Polyetherimide (PEI) film cone midrange
• Carbon and Mica Reinforced Injection Molded Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

JBL Stage 3 8627 AM with Speaker Installation Kit

180W Peak (60W RMS) 6"x8" Stage3 Series 2-Way 3-Ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

180W Peak (60W RMS) 6"x8" Stage3 Series 2-Way 3-Ohm Coaxial Car Speakers + NVX Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• 250 watts Max Each, 50 watts RMS Each
• Dome Tweeters
• Plus One™ polypropylene woofer cones
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB @ 2.83V
• Mounting Depth: 2.30"

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
install icon

Save up to $10 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
125
List price $193.66
-30% $134.71 /pair

• 250 watts Max Each, 50 watts RMS Each
• Dome Tweeters
• Plus One™ polypropylene woofer cones
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB @ 2.83V
• Mounting Depth: 2.30"

JBL GX8628AM with Installation Accessories

120W RMS 5" x 7" / 6" x 8" 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

120W RMS 5" x 7" / 6" x 8" 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with Speaker Baffles, Sound Damping, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• 180 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Soft Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 2.3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
install icon

Save up to $10 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
125
List price $158.70
-27% $115.55 /pair

• 180 watts Peak Each, 60 watts RMS Each
• 1" Soft Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 2.3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

Rockford Fosgate Punch P16 + Free Sound Deadening

220W Peak (110W RMS) 6" 2-Way Punch Series Coaxial Car Speakers + Sound Dampening

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

220W Peak (110W RMS) 6" 2-Way Punch Series Coaxial Car Speakers + Sound Dampening

• Peak Power: 110W
• Peak Power: 55W
• 2-Way Coaxial
• 4 ohm Impedance
• Injection-Molded Polypropylene Cone
• Rubber Speaker Surround
• Treated PEI Dome Tweeter

install icon

Save up to $26 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
60
List price $128.73
-15% $109.99 /pair

• Peak Power: 110W
• Peak Power: 55W
• 2-Way Coaxial
• 4 ohm Impedance
• Injection-Molded Polypropylene Cone
• Rubber Speaker Surround
• Treated PEI Dome Tweeter

Crunch CS5768CX with Speaker Installation Kit

250W RMS 5”x7”/6”x8” CS Series Coaxial Full Range Speaker + Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

250W RMS 5”x7”/6”x8” CS Series Coaxial Full Range Speaker + Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• Peak Power: 250W each
• RMS Power: 125W each
• Neo Mylar Soft Dome Tweeter
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Cellulose Cone and Rubber Surround

install icon

Save up to $10 on install kits for this speaker

additional information required
Fits select locations in your Fusion.
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location.
165
List price $116.70
-41% $69.32 /pair

• Peak Power: 250W each
• RMS Power: 125W each
• Neo Mylar Soft Dome Tweeter
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Cellulose Cone and Rubber Surround

Items per page: 20 40 60

    Clear all
    why-shoping-with-sonic

    We love people and we're ready to help you! See what separates us from our competition.

    Take advantage of our VIP rewards like 10% back on your purchases, free 2-day shipping, extended warranties, and free returns! Gain access to all of these rewards without any membership fees.
    Get great discounted (and possibly FREE) installation accessories with most car stereo purchases. This includes dash kits, wiring harnesses and antenna adapters that you will need to properly install your new car stereo.
    We are an Authorized Dealer for all the brands we sell, including the most premium brands in car and marine audio such as Hertz, JL Audio, NVX, Rockford Fosgate, Kicker, Alpine, Kenwood and many more.
    Shop Deals and get up to 30% off premium brands! Shop Now! We are always looking out for the best products and deals to offer our customers. Don’t pay too much by shopping elsewhere!
    We have information on brands, gear, and more for you to explore! Check out our YouTube Channel for helpful how-to videos, product reviews, and Q&As. For a more detailed look, also visit our Learning Center!
    Our trained experts are here to assist you! They are just a phone call or click away to help you get the right gear for you and your vehicle!
    Why Shop With Us?
    Save up to 10 different vehicles in your garage
    Vehicle
    Store
    Delete

    2008 Ford Fusion

    2013 Subaru Forester

    2015 MINI Cooper

    2020 Audi Q7

    2009 Ford Explorer Sport Trac

    1975 Pontiac LeMans

    1987 Buick Regal

    2007 Lexus RX350

    2011 Ford Explorer

    2008 Dodge Dakota

    Add vehicle Clear all vehicles
    Where to find vehicle info
    Are you sure you want to clear your garage?
    This action cannot be undone. Confirm
    This category was not designed for products.
    If you continue, you will be redirected to a category customized for your vehicle. Continue
    Loading...
    Identify your vehicle and submodel details
    • Owner's manual
    • Vehicle's insurance card
    • Vehicle registration
    • Vehicle produced after 2005: Inside driver's side door
    • Vehicle produced before 2005: Rear passenger doorjamb, glove box, center console, or engine compartment
    Car Info Side Door Icon
    Vehicle Registration Icon
    Vehicle Insurance Icon

    Modern vehicles often require specific brackets, wiring harnesses, and mounting solutions. A fit guide ensures:

    • You see only parts engineered for your exact vehicle
    • You avoid incompatible radios, speakers, or wiring
    • Installation is smoother, faster, and frustration-free
    • You get the correct accessories the first time

    Whether you're replacing a factory stereo or upgrading your entire audio system, the Fit Finder eliminates uncertainty.