Garage
Shop

Car Speaker Packages & Bundles for your 1999 Viper close

Get a car speaker package that includes multiple sets of speakers and/or speakers with harnesses, adapters or even an amplifier included.

Exclamation Icon It’s a no-brainer.
Get your speakers here.

Install kit discounts · Guaranteed fit · Full warranty
Loading...
Filters

Your Vehicle


Checkmark Icon
Fits select locations in your 1999 Viper
Add vehicle details to confirm exact location or Update vehicle.

Update vehicle | Remove vehicle | Vehicle store

Shop the Category

filter-icon Filters & Sort

Rockford Fosgate Power T152 (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

480W Peak (240W RMS) 5.25" Power Series 2-way Coaxial Speakers (2-Pairs)

T152_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

480W Peak (240W RMS) 5.25" Power Series 2-way Coaxial Speakers (2-Pairs)

• Peak Power: 120W
• RMS Power: 60W
• Carbon Fiber and Polypropylene Injection Molded Cone
• Butyl Rubber Surround
• 1" Aluminum Dome Tweeter
• Offset Cantilever Coaxial Mounted Tweeter

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
22
$439.98

In stock

Only 1 Left!

• Peak Power: 120W
• RMS Power: 60W
• Carbon Fiber and Polypropylene Injection Molded Cone
• Butyl Rubber Surround
• 1" Aluminum Dome Tweeter
• Offset Cantilever Coaxial Mounted Tweeter

Lowest price in 30 days

Alpine PXE-C80-88 + BRV-S65C + BRV-S65 + XKIT46 w/ XBAF65

900W RMS Class D PXE Series 8 Car Amplifier + 6.5" BassRevz Speaker System w/ Amp Wiring Kit and Speaker Baffle Kit

PXEC808_BRVS65_C_XKIT_XBAF big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

900W RMS Class D PXE Series 8 Car Amplifier + 6.5" BassRevz Speaker System w/ Amp Wiring Kit and Speaker Baffle Kit

• 50 watts x 6 channel + 150 watts x 2 channel @ 4 ohm
• 50 watts x 6 channel + 300 watts x 2 channel @ 2 ohm
• Total RMS Power: 900 watts
• Class D 4 ohm Stable 8-Channel Amplifier

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
162
List price $2229.97
-31% $1,532.84

In stock

• 50 watts x 6 channel + 150 watts x 2 channel @ 4 ohm
• 50 watts x 6 channel + 300 watts x 2 channel @ 2 ohm
• Total RMS Power: 900 watts
• Class D 4 ohm Stable 8-Channel Amplifier

Lowest price in 30 days

Alpine PXE-C80-88 + BRV-S65C + BRV-S65 + S2-W8D4 w/ Amp Kit and Baffle Kit

900W RMS Class D PXE Series 8 Channel Car Amplifier + 6.5" BassRevz Speaker System + Subwoofer w/ Amp Kit and Speaker Baffle Kit

PXEC808_BRVS65C_SUB_KIT_BAF big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

900W RMS Class D PXE Series 8 Channel Car Amplifier + 6.5" BassRevz Speaker System + Subwoofer w/ Amp Kit and Speaker Baffle Kit

• 50 watts x 6 channel + 150 watts x 2 channel @ 4 ohm
• 50 watts x 6 channel + 300 watts x 2 channel @ 2 ohm
• Total RMS Power: 900 watts
• Class D 4 ohm Stable 8-Channel Amplifier

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
163
List price $2729.97
-33% $1,835.14

In stock

Only 2 Left!

• 50 watts x 6 channel + 150 watts x 2 channel @ 4 ohm
• 50 watts x 6 channel + 300 watts x 2 channel @ 2 ohm
• Total RMS Power: 900 watts
• Class D 4 ohm Stable 8-Channel Amplifier

Lowest price in 30 days

Alpine PXE-C80-88, BRV-S65C & BRV-S65, SMW10D4 (x2) w/ NVX Amp Kit and Baffles

900W RMS Class D PXE Series 8 Channel Car Amplifier, 6.5" BassRevz Speaker System, (2) NVX SMW10D4 w/ XKit46 Amp Kit and XBaf65 Speaker Baffles

PXEC808_BRVS_NVXSUB_KIT_BAF big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

900W RMS Class D PXE Series 8 Channel Car Amplifier, 6.5" BassRevz Speaker System, (2) NVX SMW10D4 w/ XKit46 Amp Kit and XBaf65 Speaker Baffles

• 50 watts x 6 channel + 150 watts x 2 channel @ 4 ohm
• 50 watts x 6 channel + 300 watts x 2 channel @ 2 ohm
• Total RMS Power: 900 watts
• Class D 4 ohm Stable 8-Channel Amplifier

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
168
List price $2469.95
-31% $1,712.82

In stock

• 50 watts x 6 channel + 150 watts x 2 channel @ 4 ohm
• 50 watts x 6 channel + 300 watts x 2 channel @ 2 ohm
• Total RMS Power: 900 watts
• Class D 4 ohm Stable 8-Channel Amplifier

DS18 ZXI-62C with Speaker Installation Kit

Includes: 6.5” Component Speakers, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

ZXI-62C, FRING65, SDRLR1, SDSK2, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Includes: 6.5” Component Speakers, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

• 160W RMS 6.5 ZXI Series Component Speakers w/ Silk Dome Tweeters
• 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit
• 1.38 Square Feet of Sound Damping
• Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit
• Rubber Roller

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Install kits available for most vehicles

found car based on your search
Fits the following location in your Viper
  • Far-Rear Side Panels
181
List price $240.66
-13% $208.49

In stock

• 160W RMS 6.5 ZXI Series Component Speakers w/ Silk Dome Tweeters
• 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit
• 1.38 Square Feet of Sound Damping
• Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit
• Rubber Roller

Polk Audio 5.25" 300W Car/Marine ATV Speakers, Pair + 6.5" 240W Speakers, Pair

600W Peak (200W RMS) 5.25" DB+ Series 2-way Marine/UTV Certified Coaxial Speakers with IP55 Rating for Car, Powersports or Marine Audio Package

43DSC6504,DB522 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

600W Peak (200W RMS) 5.25" DB+ Series 2-way Marine/UTV Certified Coaxial Speakers with IP55 Rating for Car, Powersports or Marine Audio Package

• 300 Watts Max Each, 100 Watts RMS Each
• 0.75" shallow tweeter design
• Polypropylene UV tolerant cone
• 4 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 91dB
• Mounting Depth: 1.74"

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
41
List price $204.98
-19% $165.10

In stock

• 300 Watts Max Each, 100 Watts RMS Each
• 0.75" shallow tweeter design
• Polypropylene UV tolerant cone
• 4 Ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 91dB
• Mounting Depth: 1.74"

(12) Crunch 300W Full Range 2 Way 4 Ohm Component Car Audio 6.5" Speaker

Crunch 300W Full Range 2 Way 4 Ohm Component Car Audio 6.5" Speaker

CS65C 6 Pack big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Crunch 300W Full Range 2 Way 4 Ohm Component Car Audio 6.5" Speaker

• Peak Power: 300W
• RMS Power: 150W
• Mylar Soft Dome Tweeter
• Silver Alpha Cellulose Cone and Rubber Surround

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
28
List price $299.94
-30% $209.94

In stock

• Peak Power: 300W
• RMS Power: 150W
• Mylar Soft Dome Tweeter
• Silver Alpha Cellulose Cone and Rubber Surround

DS18 DX2 with Speaker Installation Kit

Includes: 6.5” Full-Range Component Speakers, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

DX2, FRING65, SDRLR1, SDSK2, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Includes: 6.5” Full-Range Component Speakers, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

• 460 watts Max Each, 230 watts RMS Each
• 1.18" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Carbon Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.85

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Install kits available for most vehicles

found car based on your search
Fits the following location in your Viper
  • Far-Rear Side Panels
182
List price $472.66
-28% $340.49 /set

In stock

Only 2 Left!

• 460 watts Max Each, 230 watts RMS Each
• 1.18" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Carbon Fiber cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.85

Alpine S2-S50 (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

680W Peak (220W RMS) 5.25" S-Series 2-way Coaxial Car Speakers (2-Pairs)

S2S50_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

680W Peak (220W RMS) 5.25" S-Series 2-way Coaxial Car Speakers (2-Pairs)

• 170 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
2
List price $320.00
-19% $259.90

In stock

Only 1 Left!

• 170 watts Peak Each, 55 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 87 dB

Infinity Primus 603F (PR603F) (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

600W Peak (200W RMS) 6.5” Primus Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers (2-Pairs)

PR603F_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

600W Peak (200W RMS) 6.5” Primus Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers (2-Pairs)

• 150 watts Peak Each, 50 watts RMS Each
• 1/2" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
7
List price $219.90
-27% $159.90

In stock

• 150 watts Peak Each, 50 watts RMS Each
• 1/2" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 92 dB

JBL CLUB 64SQ (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

900W Peak (300W RMS) 6.5" Club Series 3-ohms 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers (2-Pairs)

CLUB64SQ_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

900W Peak (300W RMS) 6.5" Club Series 3-ohms 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers (2-Pairs)

• 225 watts Peak Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• Silk Dome Tweeters
• UV-Treated Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
1
List price $399.90
-15% $339.90

In stock

• 225 watts Peak Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• Silk Dome Tweeters
• UV-Treated Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 93 dB

NVX VSP65 (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

1200W Peak (400W RMS) 6.5" V-Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with 25mm Silk Dome Tweeters (2-Pairs)

VSP65_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

1200W Peak (400W RMS) 6.5" V-Series 2-Way Coaxial Speakers with 25mm Silk Dome Tweeters (2-Pairs)

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.51"

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
64
List price $259.98
-20% $208.98

In stock

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 1" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 89 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.51"

Polk Audio DB5252 DB+ 5.25-inch Components (DB 5252) (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

1200WPeak (400W RMS) 5.25” DB+ Series 2-way Car & Marine Component Speaker System (2-Pairs)

DB5252_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

1200WPeak (400W RMS) 5.25” DB+ Series 2-way Car & Marine Component Speaker System (2-Pairs)

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 91 dB

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
4
List price $419.98
-19% $340.00

In stock

Only 1 Left!

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 91 dB

DS18 PRO-FR6NEO with Speaker Installation Kit

Includes: 6.5” Full-Range Loudspeaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

PRO-FR6NEO, FRING65, SDRLR1, SDSK2, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Includes: 6.5” Full-Range Loudspeaker, 2 Piece Foam Speaker Ring Kit, Sound Damping Kit, Installer Panel Removal Tool Kit, Rubber Roller

• 450 watts Max
• 225 watts RMS
• Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 96 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.36"

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Install kits available for most vehicles

found car based on your search
Fits the following location in your Viper
  • Far-Rear Side Panels
181
List price $360.61
-9% $328.44

In stock

Only 2 Left!

• 450 watts Max
• 225 watts RMS
• Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 96 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.36"

4) Rockford Fosgate R1T-S 1" 160 Watts Component Car Audio Tweeters System Kit

160W Peak (80W RMS) 1" Mylar Balanced Dome Car Tweeters Package

R1T-S 2 Pack big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

160W Peak (80W RMS) 1" Mylar Balanced Dome Car Tweeters Package

1" Prime Series Tweeter Kit • RMS: 80 Watts Per Set / 40 Watts Each Side • Peak: 160 Watts Per Set / 80 Watts Each Side • Lightweight Mylar Dome Tweeter • Frequency Response: 2,500 - 22,000 Hz • Grilles/Trim Rings Included

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
34
$89.98

In stock

Only 1 Left!

1" Prime Series Tweeter Kit • RMS: 80 Watts Per Set / 40 Watts Each Side • Peak: 160 Watts Per Set / 80 Watts Each Side • Lightweight Mylar Dome Tweeter • Frequency Response: 2,500 - 22,000 Hz • Grilles/Trim Rings Included

2) Kenwood KFC-1366S 5.25" 250 Watt + 2) KFC-1666S 6.5" 300 Watt 2-Way Speakers

500W Max (60W RMS) 5.25" 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers Package

KFC-1666S,KFC-1366S big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

500W Max (60W RMS) 5.25" 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers Package

• 250 Watts Max Each, 30 Watts RMS Each
• 1" PEI Balanced Dome Tweeter
• Polypropylene Cone
• 4 ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 91 dB
• Mounting Depth: 1-11/16"

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
54
List price $160.00
-39% $98.00

In stock

• 250 Watts Max Each, 30 Watts RMS Each
• 1" PEI Balanced Dome Tweeter
• Polypropylene Cone
• 4 ohm Impedance
• Sensitivity: 91 dB
• Mounting Depth: 1-11/16"

JVC CS-DF620 (2-Pairs)

(4) 6-1/2" 2-Way Coaxial Speakers / 300W Peak

CS-DF620_CS-DF620 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

(4) 6-1/2" 2-Way Coaxial Speakers / 300W Peak

• 6-1/2" 2-Way Coaxial Speakers
• 25 Watts RMS
• 4 Ohm Impedence
• 1" Balanced Dome Tweeter
• Ferrite Magnet

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
4
List price $128.00
-39% $77.98

In stock

• 6-1/2" 2-Way Coaxial Speakers
• 25 Watts RMS
• 4 Ohm Impedence
• 1" Balanced Dome Tweeter
• Ferrite Magnet

DS18 PRO-X6.4BMSLIM with Speaker Installation Kit

(2) 6.5” Mid-Range Loudspeakers + 6.5"Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

(2) PRO-X6.4BMSL, FRING65, SDSK2, SDRLR1, BTK106 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

(2) 6.5” Mid-Range Loudspeakers + 6.5"Speaker Baffles, Sound Dampening, Roller, and Panel Removal Kit

• 500 watts Peak
• 250 watts RMS
• Non-Pressed Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 94 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.15"

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
install icon

Install kits available for most vehicles

found car based on your search
Fits the following location in your Viper
  • Far-Rear Side Panels
182
List price $178.61
-18% $146.44

In stock

Only 3 Left!

• 500 watts Peak
• 250 watts RMS
• Non-Pressed Paper cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 94 dB
• Mounting Depth: 2.15"

Lowest price in 30 days

Alpine HDZ-65 (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

1200W Peak (400W RMS) 6.5” Status Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers (2-Pairs)

HDZ65_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

1200W Peak (400W RMS) 6.5” Status Series 2-Way Coaxial Car Speakers (2-Pairs)

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 1" Carbon Composite Dome Tweeters
• Carbon Composite cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
1
List price $1580.00
-33% $1,055.90

In stock

Only 1 Left!

• 300 watts Peak Each, 100 watts RMS Each
• 1" Carbon Composite Dome Tweeters
• Carbon Composite cone material
• Impedance: 4 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88 dB

AudioControl PNW-65CS2 (2-Pairs, 4-Total)

500W Peak (300W RMS) 6.5″ PNW Series 2-way 3-ohm Component Speaker System (2-Pairs)

PNW65CS2_2 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

500W Peak (300W RMS) 6.5″ PNW Series 2-way 3-ohm Component Speaker System (2-Pairs)

• 125 watts Peak Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene-Mica cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88.8 dB

Save 15% Off Package Deals at Checkout!
shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
found car based on your search
Fits your Viper
4
List price $678.00
-6% $638.00

In stock

• 125 watts Peak Each, 75 watts RMS Each
• 3/4" Silk Dome Tweeters
• Polypropylene-Mica cone material
• Impedance: 3 ohm
• Sensitivity: 88.8 dB

Items per page: 20 40 60

    Clear all
    why-shoping-with-sonic

    We love people and we're ready to help you! See what separates us from our competition.

    Take advantage of our VIP rewards like 10% back on your purchases, free 2-day shipping, extended warranties, and free returns! Gain access to all of these rewards without any membership fees.
    Get great discounted (and possibly FREE) installation accessories with most car stereo purchases. This includes dash kits, wiring harnesses and antenna adapters that you will need to properly install your new car stereo.
    We are an Authorized Dealer for all the brands we sell, including the most premium brands in car and marine audio such as Hertz, JL Audio, NVX, Rockford Fosgate, Kicker, Alpine, Kenwood and many more.
    Shop Deals and get up to 30% off premium brands! Shop Now! We are always looking out for the best products and deals to offer our customers. Don’t pay too much by shopping elsewhere!
    We have information on brands, gear, and more for you to explore! Check out our YouTube Channel for helpful how-to videos, product reviews, and Q&As. For a more detailed look, also visit our Learning Center!
    Our trained experts are here to assist you! They are just a phone call or click away to help you get the right gear for you and your vehicle!
    Why Shop With Us?
    Save up to 10 different vehicles in your garage
    Vehicle
    Store
    Delete

    1999 Dodge Viper

    2000 Dodge Ram 1500 Van

    2003 Jaguar Super V8

    2022 Audi e-tron S

    2000 Mercury Cougar

    2007 Nissan Versa

    1993 GMC C2500 Suburban

    2012 Subaru Legacy

    2017 Ford Taurus

    2019 Kia Niro EV

    Add vehicle Clear all vehicles
    Where to find vehicle info
    Are you sure you want to clear your garage?
    This action cannot be undone. Confirm
    This category was not designed for products.
    If you continue, you will be redirected to a category customized for your vehicle. Continue
    Loading...
    Identify your vehicle and submodel details
    • Owner's manual
    • Vehicle's insurance card
    • Vehicle registration
    • Vehicle produced after 2005: Inside driver's side door
    • Vehicle produced before 2005: Rear passenger doorjamb, glove box, center console, or engine compartment
    Car Info Side Door Icon
    Vehicle Registration Icon
    Vehicle Insurance Icon

    Modern vehicles often require specific brackets, wiring harnesses, and mounting solutions. A fit guide ensures:

    • You see only parts engineered for your exact vehicle
    • You avoid incompatible radios, speakers, or wiring
    • Installation is smoother, faster, and frustration-free
    • You get the correct accessories the first time

    Whether you're replacing a factory stereo or upgrading your entire audio system, the Fit Finder eliminates uncertainty.