Garage
Shop

Car Audio & Electronics

Find Car Audio & Video that fits your car, truck, SUV and more. Shopping for car electronics is easy and guaranteed! We're headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky and full of experts ready to help you with fast and free shipping, lifetime tech support and the best prices from all the top brands.

Top sellers

Loading...
Filters
filter-icon Filters & Sort

Stinger SEASRGB120

120 ft 16-Gauge Marine and Powersports Speaker Wire with RGB LED Wiring

SEASRGB120 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

120 ft 16-Gauge Marine and Powersports Speaker Wire with RGB LED Wiring

• 120 feet 16 gauge Marine and Powersports Speaker Wire
• OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper) material
• Color: Black
• Includes 20-gauge control wire for controlling RGB LED light strips

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
List price $409.00
-58% $169.99

In stock

Only 2 Left!

• 120 feet 16 gauge Marine and Powersports Speaker Wire
• OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper) material
• Color: Black
• Includes 20-gauge control wire for controlling RGB LED light strips

Metra VSWR418-250

250 Ft. 18-Gauge Rear Channel Speaker Cable

VSWR418-250 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

250 Ft. 18-Gauge Rear Channel Speaker Cable

• 18 gauge rear channel speaker cable
• 250 feet flexible cable
• Made from OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper)
• GN, GN/BK, VT, VT/BK
• Universal application

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $24.00 in rewards to spend later

List price $283.00
-15% $239.99

In stock

Only 2 Left!

• 18 gauge rear channel speaker cable
• 250 feet flexible cable
• Made from OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper)
• GN, GN/BK, VT, VT/BK
• Universal application

Metra VSWF418-250

250 Ft. 18-Gauge Front Channel Speaker Cable

VSWF418-250 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

250 Ft. 18-Gauge Front Channel Speaker Cable

• 18 gauge front channel speaker cable
• 250 feet flexible cable
• Made from OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper)
• WH, WH/BK, GY, GY/BK
• Universal application

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $24.00 in rewards to spend later

List price $283.00
-15% $239.99

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 18 gauge front channel speaker cable
• 250 feet flexible cable
• Made from OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper)
• WH, WH/BK, GY, GY/BK
• Universal application

Stinger SHW510G

50 ft. 10 Gauge Pro Series OFC Speaker Wire (Matte Gray)

SHW510G big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

50 ft. 10 Gauge Pro Series OFC Speaker Wire (Matte Gray)

• 50 ft. 10 Gauge Speaker Wire
• Pure (OFC) Oxygen Free Copper
• Ultra Flexible Matte Jacket
• Strand Count: 462 strands
• Color: Matte Gray

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $17.30 in rewards to spend later

List price $199.00
-13% $173.00

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 50 ft. 10 Gauge Speaker Wire
• Pure (OFC) Oxygen Free Copper
• Ultra Flexible Matte Jacket
• Strand Count: 462 strands
• Color: Matte Gray

JL Audio XM-WHTSC16-25

25 Ft. 16-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable (White)

XM-WHTSC16-25 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

25 Ft. 16-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable (White)

• 25 Feet 16-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable
• Tinned wirings for corrosion resistance
• Soft and flexible white PVC jacket for flexibility
• All-copper wire construction for minimal signal transfer resistance

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
$54.99

In stock

Only 1 Left!

• 25 Feet 16-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable
• Tinned wirings for corrosion resistance
• Soft and flexible white PVC jacket for flexibility
• All-copper wire construction for minimal signal transfer resistance

Kicker QW12150 (46QW12150)

Q-Series 12 AWG Speaker Wire, 150ft

QW12150 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

Q-Series 12 AWG Speaker Wire, 150ft

• Length: 150 feet
• Hyper-flex speaker wire
• Made with oxygen free material

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $17.00 in rewards to spend later

$169.99

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• Length: 150 feet
• Hyper-flex speaker wire
• Made with oxygen free material

DS18 SW-12GA-500RB

500 Ft. 12 Gauge High Performance Ultra Flex Speaker Wire (Red)

SW-12GA-500RB big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

500 Ft. 12 Gauge High Performance Ultra Flex Speaker Wire (Red)

• 500 feet 12 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Wiring for high performance applications
• Ultra-flex wiring for high flex and extra durability
• Color: Red and Black

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $18.00 in rewards to spend later

List price $215.99
-17% $179.95

In stock.

• 500 feet 12 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Wiring for high performance applications
• Ultra-flex wiring for high flex and extra durability
• Color: Red and Black

Kicker KMW16400 (47KMW16400)

400ft. 16 Gauge Marine Speaker Wire

KMW16400 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

400ft. 16 Gauge Marine Speaker Wire

• Marine Rated Power Wire
• 8 AWG

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $25.00 in rewards to spend later

$249.99

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• Marine Rated Power Wire
• 8 AWG

TruConnex TC4SW16-500 by Metra

500 ft of 16 Gauge CCA TC4 Series Speaker Wire AWG - Silver

TC4SW16-500 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

500 ft of 16 Gauge CCA TC4 Series Speaker Wire AWG - Silver

• 16 Gauge CCA Speaker Wire
• Color: Silver
• Length: 500 ft.

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
3
$39.99

In stock

• 16 Gauge CCA Speaker Wire
• Color: Silver
• Length: 500 ft.

Sundown Audio 12SPKR100

100 ft 12-Gauge Speaker Wire (Silver/Black)

12SPKR100 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

100 ft 12-Gauge Speaker Wire (Silver/Black)

• 100 feet 12 gauge Wire
• OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper) material
• Color: Silver/Black
• 294 strands with flexible PVC insulation

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
List price $155.99
-17% $129.99

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 100 feet 12 gauge Wire
• OFC (100% Oxygen-Free Copper) material
• Color: Silver/Black
• 294 strands with flexible PVC insulation

Kicker KW1620 (46KW1620)

20 ft. 16-Gauge K-Series Speaker Wire

KW1620 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

20 ft. 16-Gauge K-Series Speaker Wire

• 16 gauge
• 20 feet
• oxygen free
• signal transfer
• sonic accuracy

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
$19.99

In stock

• 16 gauge
• 20 feet
• oxygen free
• signal transfer
• sonic accuracy

DS18 SW-16GA-1000RB

1000 Ft. 16 Gauge High Performance Ultra Flex Speaker Wire (Red)

SW-16GA-1000RB big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

1000 Ft. 16 Gauge High Performance Ultra Flex Speaker Wire (Red)

• 1000 feet 16 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Wiring for high performance applications
• Ultra-flex wiring for high flex and extra durability
• Color: Red and Black

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $16.79 in rewards to spend later

List price $201.99
-17% $167.95

In stock.

• 1000 feet 16 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Wiring for high performance applications
• Ultra-flex wiring for high flex and extra durability
• Color: Red and Black

EXCLUSIVE

JL Audio XD-BLKMFC-25 (XDBLKMFC25)

25 Ft. Black 16 AWG, Tinned Copper Marine Speaker Cable + (4) 20 AWG Illumination Leads

XD-BLKMFC-25 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

25 Ft. Black 16 AWG, Tinned Copper Marine Speaker Cable + (4) 20 AWG Illumination Leads

• Multifunction Cable - 25 ft. (7.62 m)
• Two (2) 16 AWG OFC Copper Speaker Leads
• Four (4) 20 AWG OFC Copper Illumination Leads
• Stannum-Plated for Corrosion Resistance
• Fine-Strand Construction for Optimum Flexibility

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $9.50 in rewards to spend later

$94.99

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• Multifunction Cable - 25 ft. (7.62 m)
• Two (2) 16 AWG OFC Copper Speaker Leads
• Four (4) 20 AWG OFC Copper Illumination Leads
• Stannum-Plated for Corrosion Resistance
• Fine-Strand Construction for Optimum Flexibility

Rockford Fosgate RFW12-250

12 AWG Speaker Wire 250 Foot Spool Frosted Black/Silver

RFW12-250 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

12 AWG Speaker Wire 250 Foot Spool Frosted Black/Silver

• Meets or Exceed AWG specifications
• Conform to the CEA-2015 industry standard
• BC-5W2 spec for use on boats and non-commercial marine vessels
• Pure Crystal-Oxygen Free Copper (PC-OFC)
• 12AWG (3.31mm²) 294 strands

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $46.00 in rewards to spend later

$459.99

In stock

Only 1 Left!

• Meets or Exceed AWG specifications
• Conform to the CEA-2015 industry standard
• BC-5W2 spec for use on boats and non-commercial marine vessels
• Pure Crystal-Oxygen Free Copper (PC-OFC)
• 12AWG (3.31mm²) 294 strands

DS18 SW-9.18GA-250FT

250 ft 18-Gauge 9-Conductor Speed Speaker Wire (Blue)

SW-9.18GA-250FT big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

250 ft 18-Gauge 9-Conductor Speed Speaker Wire (Blue)

• 250 feet 18 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Blue
• Ultra-flex cable for high-performance applications

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $26.40 in rewards to spend later

List price $316.99
-17% $263.95

In stock.

• 250 feet 18 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Blue
• Ultra-flex cable for high-performance applications

JL Audio XM-WHTSC12-25

25 Ft. 12-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable (White)

XM-WHTSC12-25 big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

25 Ft. 12-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable (White)

• 25 Feet 12-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable
• Tinned wirings for corrosion resistance
• Soft and flexible white PVC jacket for flexibility
• All-copper wire construction for minimal signal transfer resistance

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $7.50 in rewards to spend later

$74.99

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 25 Feet 12-Gauge Parallel Conductor Marine Speaker Cable
• Tinned wirings for corrosion resistance
• Soft and flexible white PVC jacket for flexibility
• All-copper wire construction for minimal signal transfer resistance

Stinger SSVLS12BK

250 ft 12-Gauge Select Series Speaker Wire (Black)

SSVLS12BK big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

250 ft 12-Gauge Select Series Speaker Wire (Black)

• 12 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Black
• Soft PVC insulation with heat resistance elements

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $14.40 in rewards to spend later

List price $219.00
-34% $144.00

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 12 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Black
• Soft PVC insulation with heat resistance elements

Stinger SSVLS181B

100 ft 18-Gauge Select Series Speaker Wire (Black)

SSVLS181B big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

100 ft 18-Gauge Select Series Speaker Wire (Black)

• 18 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Black
• Soft PVC insulation with heat resistance elements

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $15.50 in rewards to spend later

List price $239.00
-35% $155.00

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 18 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Black
• Soft PVC insulation with heat resistance elements

Stinger SPW516BK

500 ft. 16 Gauge Pro Series OFC Speaker Wire (Black)

SPW516BK big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

500 ft. 16 Gauge Pro Series OFC Speaker Wire (Black)

• 500 ft. 16 Gauge Pro Series Speaker Wire
• Pure (OFC) Oxygen Free Copper
• High current transfer and strand count
• Chemical and Temperature Resistant
• Color: Black

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $29.10 in rewards to spend later

List price $449.00
-35% $291.00

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 500 ft. 16 Gauge Pro Series Speaker Wire
• Pure (OFC) Oxygen Free Copper
• High current transfer and strand count
• Chemical and Temperature Resistant
• Color: Black

Stinger SSVLS18BK

100 ft 18-Gauge Select Series Speaker Wire (Black)

SSVLS18BK big
Go to item page Right Arrow Icon of Right Arrow

100 ft 18-Gauge Select Series Speaker Wire (Black)

• 18 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Black
• Soft PVC insulation with heat resistance elements

shipping truck icon Free shipping in USA. Provide zip for delivery date.
VIP Star Icon

VIP Product Get $15.50 in rewards to spend later

List price $239.00
-35% $155.00

Available

Ships in 10-14 days

• 18 gauge Speaker Wire
• CCA (Copper-Clad Aluminum) material
• Color: Black
• Soft PVC insulation with heat resistance elements

Items per page: 20

    Clear all

    FAQ Frequently asked questions in Car Audio & Electronics


    Car Audio and Electronics Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
    A car audio system comprises several essential components. First, you have the head unit, which acts as the system's control center, responsible for audio input and control. Then, there are the speakers, including tweeters, midrange, and subwoofers, which reproduce different audio frequencies. Amplifiers boost the audio signal, providing more power to the speakers. A crucial component is the wiring and connectors, ensuring proper connectivity. Additionally, some systems include equalizers and digital signal processors (DSPs) for fine-tuning sound quality. Understanding these components is fundamental to upgrading or troubleshooting your car audio and electronics.
    Improving sound quality in your car audio and electronics system involves various steps. Start by upgrading your speakers to high-quality aftermarket ones designed for better sound reproduction. Amplifiers can provide more power to your speakers, resulting in clearer and louder sound. Adding sound deadening materials, such as Dynamat, can reduce vibrations and road noise, further enhancing audio clarity. Fine-tuning your system with an equalizer or DSP allows you to adjust frequencies to your liking. These steps, combined with proper installation, can significantly enhance your car audio and electronics experience.
    Aftermarket upgrades in car audio and electronics can be highly beneficial. They allow you to customize your system to meet your specific preferences and needs. Aftermarket speakers, amplifiers, and head units often provide superior sound quality and features compared to factory-installed systems. Upgrades like subwoofers can deliver deep, powerful bass that factory systems might lack. Additionally, modern head units offer advanced connectivity options, such as Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, for seamless smartphone integration. While aftermarket upgrades may require an initial investment, the enhanced audio quality and features they provide can significantly improve your overall driving experience, making them well worth considering.
    Troubleshooting common issues in car audio and electronics systems involves systematic steps. If you encounter problems like distorted audio or no sound, begin by checking power connections, including the battery, fuses, and ground wires, to ensure they are secure and free from corrosion. Inspect speaker wires for shorts or loose connections. If your head unit isn't working, test it by connecting it directly to the battery to see if it powers on. If not, the head unit may need replacement or repair. Ensure that amplifiers receive a proper signal from the head unit and inspect their fuses and wiring connections. Thorough troubleshooting can help identify and resolve common issues in car audio and electronics systems.
    Safety is paramount when working with car audio and electronics upgrades. Always disconnect the vehicle's battery to prevent electrical accidents or short circuits. When drilling or cutting, be cautious of wiring and fuel lines behind panels. Follow manufacturer instructions and wiring diagrams meticulously to avoid damage or incorrect connections. Use the right tools, such as crimping tools and multimeters, to ensure secure and accurate installations. If you're unsure about any aspect of the installation, seek professional help. Additionally, avoid working on your vehicle's electronics during adverse weather conditions, and wear appropriate safety gear, including gloves and safety glasses. Prioritizing safety during installations will help prevent accidents and ensure the longevity of your car audio and electronics upgrades.

    All About

    Car Audio & Electronics

    Expert Insights into Car Audio and Electronics

    Dive into the world of car audio and electronics, exploring a range of categories and their subcategories. Understand the features, benefits, and latest advancements in each segment.

    Car Stereos

    The centerpiece of any car audio system, car stereos range from basic models to high-end units with advanced features like touchscreen displays, smartphone integration, and GPS navigation. The right car stereo enhances your music listening experience and adds functionality to your vehicle.

    • Factory Stereo Upgrades: Upgrade your car's factory stereo for better sound quality and additional features without altering the original look of your dashboard.
    • Apple CarPlay Stereos: Integrate your iPhone with your car stereo for seamless access to music, maps, and apps through a user-friendly interface.
    • Android Auto Car Stereos: Connect your Android phone for hands-free control of music, navigation, and messaging while driving.
    • Apple, Android and Smartphone Integration: Explore options for integrating various smartphones with your car stereo for enhanced connectivity and convenience.

    Car Amplifiers

    Car amplifiers power your speakers and subwoofers, ensuring clear, powerful sound even at high volumes. They come in various types, including mono, multi-channel, and class D amplifiers, each offering unique benefits for different audio setups.

    • Equalizers & Processors: Fine-tune your car audio with equalizers and processors, achieving the perfect balance of bass, treble, and mid-range frequencies.
    • Digital Sound Processors (DSP): Advanced DSPs allow for sophisticated audio adjustments and customization, elevating the sound quality of your car audio system.

    Car Subwoofers

    Subwoofers are essential for reproducing deep bass and adding depth to your car audio. They come in various sizes and styles, allowing you to choose the perfect match for your car and music preferences.

    Car Speakers

    Speakers are the final link in your car audio chain, responsible for delivering clear and detailed sound. From coaxial to component speakers, there's a variety to suit every audio system and preference.

    Car Audio Installation Parts & Accessories

    Proper installation and accessories are crucial for optimal performance of your car audio system. This category includes everything from wiring kits to sound dampening materials.

    Video, GPS & Safety

    Modern car audio systems often include video and GPS features for enhanced entertainment and navigation. Safety accessories like rearview cameras add an extra layer of security.

    Marine & Boat Audio

    Marine audio systems are built to withstand harsh environments while providing high-quality sound on the water. These systems include weather-resistant speakers, amplifiers, and head units.

    • Marine Tower Speakers: High-performance speakers designed for mounting on boats, providing clear sound across the water.

    UTV, ATV & Powersports Audio

    Audio systems for off-road and powersports vehicles are designed to be rugged and weather-resistant, delivering great sound in challenging outdoor conditions.

    Motorcycle & Harley-Davidson Audio

    Motorcycle audio systems, especially for Harley-Davidson models, are tailored to deliver clear sound at high speeds and in open environments.

    • Harley-Davidson Stereos: Stereos specifically designed for Harley-Davidson bikes, combining durability with high-quality audio.
    • Harley-Davidson Audio Packages: Complete audio packages for Harley-Davidson motorcycles, including speakers, amplifiers, and installation accessories.
    • Harley-Davidson Speakers: Speakers engineered for the unique acoustic environment of Harley-Davidson motorcycles.
    • Motorcycle Speakers: A range of speakers designed for various motorcycle models, offering clear sound in an open-air environment.
    • Motorcycle Handlebar Speakers: Compact speakers that can be mounted on motorcycle handlebars, perfect for riders who want music on the go.
    why-shoping-with-sonic

    We love people and we're ready to help you! See what separates us from our competition.

    Take advantage of our VIP rewards like 10% back on your purchases, free 2-day shipping, extended warranties, and free returns! Gain access to all of these rewards without any membership fees.
    Get great discounted (and possibly FREE) installation accessories with most car stereo purchases. This includes dash kits, wiring harnesses and antenna adapters that you will need to properly install your new car stereo.
    We are an Authorized Dealer for all the brands we sell, including the most premium brands in car and marine audio such as Hertz, JL Audio, NVX, Rockford Fosgate, Kicker, Alpine, Kenwood and many more.
    Shop Deals and get up to 30% off premium brands! Shop Now! We are always looking out for the best products and deals to offer our customers. Don’t pay too much by shopping elsewhere!
    We have information on brands, gear, and more for you to explore! Check out our YouTube Channel for helpful how-to videos, product reviews, and Q&As. For a more detailed look, also visit our Learning Center!
    Our trained experts are here to assist you! They are just a phone call or click away to help you get the right gear for you and your vehicle!
    Why Shop With Us?
    Save up to 10 different vehicles in your garage
    Vehicle
    Store
    Delete

    2015 Scion xB

    2018 Audi A3 Quattro

    2004 Lexus RX330

    1997 Lexus LS400

    2021 Ford Ranger

    1993 Ford Tempo

    2016 Dodge Ram ProMaster 3500

    2002 BMW Z3

    2010 Lexus GS350

    2004 Honda Civic

    Add vehicle Clear all vehicles
    Where to find vehicle info
    Are you sure you want to clear your garage?
    This action cannot be undone. Confirm
    This category was not designed for products.
    If you continue, you will be redirected to a category customized for your vehicle. Continue
    Loading...
    Identify your vehicle and submodel details
    • Owner's manual
    • Vehicle's insurance card
    • Vehicle registration
    • Vehicle produced after 2005: Inside driver's side door
    • Vehicle produced before 2005: Rear passenger doorjamb, glove box, center console, or engine compartment
    Car Info Side Door Icon
    Vehicle Registration Icon
    Vehicle Insurance Icon

    Modern vehicles often require specific brackets, wiring harnesses, and mounting solutions. A fit guide ensures:

    • You see only parts engineered for your exact vehicle
    • You avoid incompatible radios, speakers, or wiring
    • Installation is smoother, faster, and frustration-free
    • You get the correct accessories the first time

    Whether you're replacing a factory stereo or upgrading your entire audio system, the Fit Finder eliminates uncertainty.